Crisis Sustainability

YU REN EUGENE TAN

Executive Summary

The social marketing campaign Crisis Sustainability achieves socially desirable goals of reusing and recycling alcohol waste products that have increased via Covid-19 related lockdowns. It exploits the opportunity of an increased quantity of Australians working from home resulting in a higher degree of control over recycling behaviours where kerbside recycle bins are readily available at home. The efficacy of the Social Campaign is based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) (Jones and Magee, 2011) and Behavioural Reasoning Theory (BRT) (Dhir et al., 2020) to successfully reinforce or introduce recycling behaviours at home. The YouTube video deliverable strived to positively influence both the TPB requirements of willingness and degree of control (Jones and Magee, 2011) alongside the BRT’s “reasons for” behavioural change (Dhir et al., 2020) for a higher degree of successful recycling behavioural change.

Although crisis sustainability faces the prices of behavioural change; cognitive exertion and costs of long-term interventions for long-term efficacy. Crisis Sustainability has attempted to negate the cognitive exertion costs by introducing two innovative ideas via the Poster deliverable to reuse glass bottles at home. This simplifies a decision maker in the contemplation stage of the Transtheoretical Model (TTM); six stages of behavioural change (Prochaska et al., 2015), making the recycling habit an easier process to execute.

Next, based on the Survey deliverable of the campaign, results indicate mostly positive or strong positive attitudes towards increasing an awareness of the importance of recycling. A positive effect on the notion that alcohol consumption and its waste-products significantly affects landfill. A strong positive encouragement was found towards recycling alcohol wastes at home. And finally, and overwhelming strong positive result for recycling waste products to reduce waste quantitates entering landfill and a strong willingness to recycle items in daily life. This indicates Crisis Sustainability was successful in positively impacting decision makers awareness, willingness and provided a significant “reason for” in recycling waste materials at home.

Finally, based on the financial incentivized competition of the social campaign where decision makers are required to complete a survey and upload a video entry of innovative reusing or recycling, one entry was received. This indicates to a small extent; the campaign was successful in introducing an act of recycling. However due to the small scope and based on (Christiansen, 2012) suggestion that long-term interventions are more efficacious in ensuring long-term behavioural change, Crisis Sustainability is limited by its duration making long-term social marketing intervention not possible with this iteration. To conclude, Crisis Sustainability has mitigated the cost of cognitive exertion, received positive measures of success via its survey deliverable and to a lesser extent, received evidence of recycling resulting from campaign participation. Thus, the campaign was successful in certain measures but limited by scope, time and resource allocations.

Introduction

Crisis Sustainability is a social marketing campaign aimed at Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12; recycling Paper, Plastic, Glass and Aluminium. The campaign aims to educate viewers on the importance of recycling our materials at home in a Covid-19 new-normal. This ties into a current new trend where Australians have turned to drinking liquor as a coping mechanism after experienced long periods of Isolation (AIHW 2020). Australian alcohol consumption has increased along with its waste products (plastic cups, glass bottles, aluminium cans and paper cups) (AIHW, 2020). This is supported by (AIHW 2020) reporting 1 in 5 Australians have reported increased alcohol consumption by an increase of 1-2 drinks per week with Females having a higher likely increased alcohol consumption frequency.

Increased Alcohol use during Covid-19, people aged 18+ (per cent) (AIHW 2020)

Hence, this trend of increased alcohol consumption brings about the notion; An increased consumption of goods at home such as Alcohol causes more waste products in that nature. However, as working from home becomes more prevalent, so does our control over our behavioural habits when it comes to either reusing or recycling our waste products. This led me to create this Social Marketing campaign to introduce or reaffirm the habit of recycling or reusing waste products at home for all Australians.

This notion then correlates with the problem of waste disposal methods, specifically landfill. The ABC reports “a little as a year left before NSW landfill sites are at capacity” and “NSW Landfill being full within one to three years” (Metherelle, 2018). This strongly indicates the notion of; increased waste products (increased demand) entering landfill but not enough landfill (low supply). Furthermore, in Melbourne alone according to the Melbourne Metropolitan Waste and Recovery Group reports approximately 3 Million Tonnes of waste are deposited into metropolitan landfills with almost 50% being waste from Metropolitan Households (MWRRG, n.d.)This suggests the notion; Victorians and possibly Australian households in general are responsible for approximately fifty percent of all waste that enters landfill. With Covid-19’s new normal of working from home, it’s only expected the approximate figure of waste entering landfill from household sources would exponentially increase.

Hence, I created my campaign over three deliverables; a video hosted on YouTube to educate viewers on the importance of recycling waste at home, a survey to measure and ascertain if the Video has impacted viewers perceptions and behaviour with a competition for viewers to follow one of three recycling or reusing product methods at home to introduce or reaffirm recycling/reusing habits.

Situation Analysis

First, (Jones and Magee, 2011) study in exposure to alcohol advertising and consumption amongst Australian adolescents find a positive association between exposure of some alcohol adverts with increased alcohol consumption with differences by age and gender leading to a high level of Australian adolescents and drinking behaviour. This indicates Australians begin drinking behaviours from an adolescent age from alcohol exposure supported by the (AIHW, 2020) stating “The majority of Australians aged 14 years and over consume alcohol.” This suggests Australian attitudes towards alcohol is a liberal one beginning from an adolescent age.

Following, according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, in 2006 – 2007, Australians produced nearly 44Million tonnes of solid waste, or 2,080 kilograms of waste per person (ABS, 2020). This notion exacerbates the current situation of NSW landfill sites nearing capacity as reported by the (ABC, 2020) where NSW landfill sites will be full between 2018 and 2021 without an alternative site ready for immediate use. This indicates a pressing issue with a significant amount of waste being produced by Australians and the issue of reduced landfill supply potentially impacting our long-term sustainability measures where landfill supply is scarce.

However, from a long-term sustainability perspective, alcohol consumption utilizes a “permanent material”; container glass products such as glass wine bottles (Testa et al., 2017). (Testa et al., 2017) strongly suggests container glass products have a strong place in the circular economy where glass being a permanent material can be endlessly and totally recycled without a degradation of its properties. Furthermore (Sustainability Victoria, n.d.) suggests recycling one glass bottle produces enough energy to power one television for ninety minutes. Hence, the literature indicates glass is an extremely important material to recycle and increased alcohol consumption such as wine or whisky utilizing container glass products can significantly contribute towards the recycling or reusing of this important permanent material as a result of this social marketing campaign.

Next, (Jones and Magee, 2011) finds a psychological theory of behavioural change related to recycling behaviour; the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). (Jones and Magee, 2011) suggests behaviour is a proposed function of the willingness to perform a behaviour and the degree of control one perceives to have over the behaviour. (Jones and Magee, 2011) suggests the stronger the two factors are, the more likely behavioural change will occur. This is supported by (Chen and Tung, 2010) suggesting the use of TPB to estimate the probability of influence on recycling behaviour indicates if individuals have a positive attitude, subjective, moral norms with perceived consequences of recycling, he/she has a higher propensity to recycle waste products.

Hence, the notions of a population that began alcohol consumption from an adolescent age, every Australian in 2006 – 2007 producing 2,080 kilograms of solid waste (increased demand) and NSW landfill sites nearing capacity (lowered supply) ties together. Due to Covid-19, we produce more waste at home; for example, more alcohol waste products such as important permanent materials; container glass products. However, we have a stronger degree of control at home where the kerbside recycle bin is within immediate reach and the possibility of reusing our waste products in innovative ways is present. Thus, via the theory of planned behaviour, the social marketing campaign; Crisis Sustainability aims to positively affect the attitude, subjective, moral norms and consequences of recycling for a more sustainable future. It accomplishes this by seeking to positive influence the willingness to recycle via the $15 cash prize contest; an image or video of one recycling their alcohol waste products, reusing a wine/glass bottle as a water decanter (reuse) or using their bottles to store candy (innovative/reuse) for the benefit of the circular economy where one has the degree of control if they possess or produce the waste product.

Proposed Campaign

First, (Donovan and Henley, 2010) suggests social marketing is not just targeting individual voluntary behavioural change or changes to environments that facilitate behavioural change. Instead (Donovan and Henley, 2010) suggests Social Marketing is the targeting of social structures that facilitate individuals accomplishing their true goals. Furthermore, (Donovan, 2011) suggests Social Marketing is based on the roots of marketing to achieve goals in specific areas of interest and defines social marketing as the utilization of marketing strategies and principles to achieve socially desirable goals. Specifically; (Donovan and Henley, 2010) strongly suggests social marketing is based off how “socially oriented” each Social Marketing campaign is to have a desirable positive social impact on society at large such as influencing the general populous to increase ruit and vegetable consumption to have a desirable public health outcome.

In this same manner, Crisis Sustainability a social marketing campaign that aims at the socially desirable goal of; “reducing waste entering landfill thereby reducing the strain on already saturated landfills whilst utilising behaviours exacerbated from Covid-19 lockdowns (increased alcohol consumption) via a strong emphasis on permanent materials (container glass products) to inculcate strong recycling and reusing habits amongst the Australian society for a more sustainable future.” To accomplish this social goal, two theories TPB and BRT are used in conjunction to reinforce Crisis Sustainability.

The proposed campaign is based off two psychological theories of behavioural change; the first being the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) (Jones and Magee, 2011) and the second being Behavioural Reasoning Theory (BRT) (Dhir et al., 2020). First, TPB compromises of two functions, the willingness to perform a behaviour and the degree of control one perceives of its behaviour. This important to better understand my social marketing campaign via the lens of behavioural theories as based off the TPB. If Crisis Sustainability accomplishes both the positive impact on the willingness to perform a behaviour from its 3 deliverables and effectively educates how our degree of control has actually increased resulting from Covid-19 lockdowns with kerbside recycle bins being an arm’s length away. Hypothetically, it could significantly improve sustainability behaviours from recycling and/or reusing alcohol waste products, especially important permanent materials like container glass products for the benefit of the circular economy.

Hence, to positively affect the willingness aspect of the TPB, a $15 cash prize competition was delivered to financially incentivize viewers and positively impact the willingness to reuse or recycle glass alcohol waste products via three methods. Recycling via the kerbside recycle bin, reusing glass bottles as water decanters/bottles and using glass bottles to store miscellaneous items or candy, dependent on the persons innovative judgement. Crisis Sustainability then increases our awareness via the YouTube video of our improved degree of control via the introductions of working from home and having more time to recycle or innovatively reuse alcohol waste materials especially glass container products. Thus, both aspects of the TPB have been met via improved willingness via financial incentives and degree of control via education on increased control at home via the YouTube Video.

However, (Dhir et al., 2020) suggests theories such as the TPB are limited via their focus on acceptance related factors and ignores the concept of consumer resistance. (Dhir et al., 2020) finds theories like the TPB are inherently flawed and introduces instead; Behavioural Reasoning Theory (BRT). (Dhir et al., 2020) introduces the BRT as a framework based on “Reasons for” and “Reasons against” via reasoning theory. The BRT hypothesizes that if people have strong reasons for or against translating into “adoption” or “resistance”, it strongly justifies actions and behaviours in any context. (Dhir et al., 2020) finds practical implications for the BRT framework in E-Waste recycling amongst Japanese society. The BRT framework was relevant towards understanding Japanese reasons “for” and “against” E-Waste recycling (Dhir et al., 2020). Thus, creating solutions to assist consumers in making e-waste recycling more convenient and reduce any risks barriers (privacy concerns) it may pose (Dhir et al., 2020) .

Thus, the campaign Crisis Sustainability also aims to positively affect viewer perceptions on the reasons “for” recycling waste products via a multi angled approach. Specifically (reasons for); alcohol consumption increasing at home higher chances of opportunities to recycle at home. NSW landfill space is scarce, recycle more often and reuse more materials to reduce the quantity of waste materials that enter Australian landfill. And finally, the $15 financial incentive to introduce or reinforce recycling/reusing behaviour. Hence via a three-pronged approach, the BRT has been met to significantly improve “reasons for” recycling and reusing materials to positively impact Australian long-term sustainable goals via less waste entering landfill and more permanent products entering recycling or reusing stages.

Product

The product in question is the reinforcement of the behaviour related to recycling products due to a large significant percentage of waste being attributed to Metropolitan Landfills. Thus, Crisis Sustainability a social marketing campaign aimed at the socially desirable goal of; “reducing waste entering landfill thereby reducing the strain on already saturated landfills whilst utilising behaviours exacerbated from Covid-19 lockdowns (increased alcohol consumption) via a strong emphasis on permanent materials (container glass products) to inculcate strong recycling and reusing habits amongst the Australian society for a more sustainable future.” The campaign aims to encourage and educate target recipients in the importance of recycling their alcohol waste products in an effort to reduce the number of alcohol waste products deposited in landfill which hopes to reinforce and/or increase the behaviour of recycling or reusing products already in our homes.

Price

The price of Crisis Sustainability is; cognitive exertion and financial costs of possible long-term interventions in questioning “will viewers willingly accept their new behaviour to facilitate change in the means of recycling or reusing their waste materials at home?”. First, the price involved in this social marketing campaign is inherently tied towards the cost of behavioural change, that being the cost of individuals changing their behaviour over long periods of time. This in turn can be explained via the process of cognitive effort and its influence of choice outcomes. First, (Garbarino and Edell, 1997) finds humans have limited cognitive resources and allocate them judiciously, thus cognitive effort or thinking is costly where humans prefer to expend only the effort necessary to make a satisfactory rather than optimal decision. Thus, an environment that requires more cognitive effort to process information fully typically results in less accurate decisions and the tendency to utilize heuristics or decision strategies that are easily implemented without having to exert cognitive effort(Garbarino and Edell, 1997). This strongly suggests that the cost of behavioural change is then strongly correlated with the cost of thinking about change and the cognitive effort required to for example recycle more materials or goods.

Following, (Prochaska et al., 2015) introduces the Transtheoretical Model (TTM); six stages of behavioural change, precontemplation, contemplation, determination, action, relapse and maintenance. (Prochaska et al., 2015) suggests the TTM assumes that people do not change their behaviours quickly or decisively and rather over a cyclical process to become deeply embedded and practiced on a consistent basis. Thus, the cost of Crisis Sustainability is therefore firmly rooted in the stages of contemplation; where individuals realize their behaviours are inherently problematic with a thoughtful practical consideration of the pros (tangible benefits) and cons (loss of convenience) of behavioural change. Considering (Garbarino and Edell, 1997) findings that thinking itself has a cost where humans have a tendency to reduce cognitive exertion, the cost associated is attempting to attract viewers to think critically about recycling and sustainability correlating with the future of Australian landfills and the planet itself. Hence, the cost here is the strong consideration (thinking) of knowing that one’s behaviour is associated with problematic issues that the social marketer is trying to address and whether the cognitive effort of thinking about change outweighs the benefits of recycling or reusing waste products. However, Crisis Sustainability has reduced the associated cognitive cost/effort into thinking about how to recycle or reuse materials at home via its deliverables of 3 posters with 3 separate ideas on recycling and reusing materials to mitigate this cost.

This suggests, Crisis Sustainability already faces a steep price in attempting to introduce new habits into Australians daily lives where thinking is involved, and a longer process is required to effectively change Australian habits positively towards recycling and reusing products on a consistent long-term basis. This is supported by (Christiansen, 2012) suggesting long-term contingency interventions could provide more long-term and persistent effects but more research and studies in this area is required. Thus, Crisis Sustainability faces a price where the viewer in their own subjective individuality needs to think of the subjective psychological costs of behavioural change against the cons of contributing towards a reduced landfill supply.

Next, (Christiansen, 2012) finds a strong relation between size of incentive and degree of behavioural change where behavioural change associated via providing incentives (extrinsic or intrinsic) that are dependent upon desired behavioural change do not persist once financial (extrinsic) contingencies are no longer in place. This suggests although Crisis Sustainability offers financial incentives in the attempt to begin the process of behavioural change, it’s unlikely to persist once the incentives end. Bringing about the larger notion of “bringing about consistent and long-lasting change for the positive impacts of social goals, especially sustainability and recycling initiatives.” Thus, Crisis Sustainability faces a challenge where financial incentives are not a good tool for introducing long-term effective change in recycling waste products at home.

Finally, (Varotto and Spagnolli, 2017) finds social modelling and environmental interventions to be the most effective tool to promote household recycling. (Varotto and Spagnolli, 2017) finds social modelling strategies such as painting recycling bins in loud and bright colours reduces the cognitive load of having to search for recycle bins making the thought process to recycle products easier. Furthermore, (Varotto and Spagnolli, 2017) strongly suggests lack of information and knowledge as the main barrier towards participating in recycling schemes. Thus, this suggests although Crisis Sustainability faces costs associated with recycling such as human cognitive exertion and financial costs of long-term strategic interventions. Crisis Sustainability utilizes what’s already present at home such as increasing awareness of brightly coloured yellow recycling bins at home to educate and breach the barrier between the lack of information and knowledge to better promote the behaviour of recycling alcohol waste products at home.

Promotion

The promotion in question would hinge largely on the advert itself being informative, educational in nature and seeks to educate from a bottom level at the wide general audience for a positive upstream effect. If more of the general populous engages in recycling, it could possibly reduce waste deposited in landfill on a larger scale This is supported by (Michaud and Farrant, 2006) suggesting strong waste management strategies can positively impact climate change via reduced methane emissions and landfill being the worst option as a “disposal” strategy. However, since the advert is executed on a small test group, it will have to rely on word of mouth to increase awareness for now until it can be strongly promoted i.e. “going viral”. Additionally, the Video has been released on Twitter to personal contacts to improve view count and Survey Responses

Place

The channel in question will be conducted via a Video uploaded on YouTube for the selected recipients. If the campaign were to go nation-wide however, it would have to be promoted on a much larger basis and not contained to just pilot study feedbacks and the criteria would be based on the number of views the video could possibly generate. Furthermore, more resources would be required to redo the video professionally to be more appealing on a nationwide level response.

Video

The Video itself was self-created with an inspiration from professional YouTubers with large audiences with the aim to be an informal educational video and more of a “chat”. There were 3 focal points, Increased Alcohol use during Covid-19, people aged 18+ (per cent) (AIHW 2020), Australians spend an extra $2 billion on booze in 2020 (9News Staff, 2020) and NSW landfill sites near capacity as councils ask for bigger share of State Government waste levy (Metherelle, 2018).

Increased Alcohol use during Covid-19, people aged 18+ (per cent) (AIHW 2020).

NSW landfill sites near capacity as councils ask for bigger share of State Government waste levy (Metherelle, 2018)

The Articles themselves were aimed at educating and increasing awareness of the need of recycling at home due to the increased control we possess at home thus breaching (Varotto and Spagnolli, 2017) challenges of lack of information and knowledge about recycling initiatives. Additionally, to reduce the cost of cognitive effort about how to recycle or reuse waste products I utilized a small competition for a financial incentive by creating 3 posters with 3 methods on recycling and reusing of waste materials.

To discuss, the main costs of the campaign were cognitive exertion and lack of awareness/information of recycling initiatives which have been breached via the Video deliverables; The Video itself and the Posters. However, a survey was created to measure the impact on recycling that the video has on viewers with the following questions;

Survey Questions

1. To what extent did you find the video helpful in informing the importance of recycling? 2. To what extent did you find the video informative on how Alcohol Consumption contributes towards landfill?

3. To what extent did you find the video to be encouraging towards recycling your own alcohol waste products at home?

4. As a result of watching the video, to what extent do you agree that recycling waste products can make a positive impact on reducing landfill?

5. As a result of watching the video, to what extent would you be willing to recycle items in your daily life?

The survey was important as it aims to stimulate cognitive effort to suggest/nudge viewers into considering the impacts of landfill and recycling products at home to address (Prochaska et al., 2015) Transtheoretical Model stage of change; Contemplation. By doing so, the survey achieves the possible stage of contemplating if recycling or reusing waste materials is a behaviour to adopt and thus positively impacts the social goals of this Social Marketing campaign.

Theme

The theme in question is educational with a gentle encouraging overtone with an appeal of awareness for behaviour reinforcement. With the statistics as a reminder (don’t be that 42%), (alcohol consumption has increased), an upstream effect of most alcohol waste by products such as glass bottles, aluminium cans, plastic and/or paper cups contributing towards waste deposits in metropolitan landfills can be reduced with the positive of highlighting the negative increase in alcohol consumption covid-19 has induced onto the populous.

Results

As of 15/01/2021; 12 responses from SurveyMonkey, which is 4 more than initially planned. Expected; 15 responses by extended due date 1/15/2021. YouTube video views; 30. 1 email for contest on reusing alcohol materials, expecting 1 more to be sent.

Here we can observe most found the video helpful in informing the importance of recycling which satisfies (Varotto and Spagnolli, 2017) challenge in a lack of information or knowledge of recycling initiatives which is a positive indicator but not evidence of recycling behavioural change.

Here we can observe most were strongly positive towards the notion of encouraging viewers to recycle products at home which satisfies (Jones and Magee, 2011) Theory of Planned behaviour’s (TPB) “willingness” aspect of recycling.

Conclusions

Crisis Sustainability has successfully met the requirements of both the Theory of Planned Behaviour and Behavioural Reasoning Theory via the participation results of the survey derivable. Additionally, it has reduced the price of cognitive exertion required to innovative think of new ways to reuse products and received one example of reusing alcohol waste products. However, it’s limited in scope, time and resource allocation to perform it over a long-term intervention period for successful behavioural change making its true efficacy a difficult task to achieve in this iteration.

References

1. AIHW, 2020. Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drugs In Australia, COVID-19 - Australian Institute Of Health And Welfare. [online] Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Available at: <https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/alcohol/alcohol-tobacco-other-drugs-australia/contents/impact-of-covid-19-on-alcohol-and-other-drug-use> [Accessed 12 January 2021].

2. CHEN, M.-F. & TUNG, P.-J. 2010. The moderating effect of perceived lack of facilities on consumers’ recycling intentions. Environment and Behavior, 42, 824-844.

3. CHRISTIANSEN, B. A. 2012. What does it cost to change behavior? Annals of family medicine, 10, 197-198.

4. DHIR, A., KOSHTA, N., GOYAL, R. K., SAKASHITA, M. & ALMOTAIRI, M. 2020. Behavioral reasoning theory (BRT) perspectives on E-waste recycling and management. Journal of Cleaner Production, 280, 124269.

5. DONOVAN, R. 2011. Social marketing's mythunderstandings. Journal of Social Marketing.

6. DONOVAN, R. & HENLEY, N. 2010. Principles and practice of social marketing: an international perspective, Cambridge University Press.

7. GARBARINO, E. C. & EDELL, J. A. 1997. Cognitive effort, affect, and choice. Journal of consumer research, 24, 147-158.

8. JONES, S. C. & MAGEE, C. A. 2011. Exposure to alcohol advertising and alcohol consumption among Australian adolescents. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 46, 630-637.

9. Kilvert, N., 2018. How Will Australia Deal With The Waste Of 40 Million People In 2050?. [online] Abc.net.au. Available at: <https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-03-17/waste-could-become-fuel-source-in-big-australias-future/9550082> [Accessed 12 January 2021].

10. Metherelle, L., 2018. NSW Council Warns It Will Run Out Of Space For Landfill In As Little As A Year. [online] Abc.net.au. Available at: <https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-17/nsw-local-councils-landfill-waste-levy-reinvest-recycling/10626134> [Accessed 12 January 2021].

11. MICHAUD, J.-C. & FARRANT, L. 2006. Environmental benefits of recycling–2010 update An. Environmental Benefits of Recycling.

12. MWRRG, n.d. [online] Mwrrg.vic.gov.au. Available at: <https://www.mwrrg.vic.gov.au/assets/About/Metro-Imp-Plan/Fact-Sheet-Waste-Recycling-in-Melbourne.pdf> [Accessed 15 January 2021].

13. PROCHASKA, J. O., REDDING, C. A. & EVERS, K. E. 2015. The transtheoretical model and stages of change. Health behavior: Theory, research, and practice, 97.

14. Sustainability Victoria, n.d. Glass. [online] Sustainability.vic.gov.au. Available at: <https://www.sustainability.vic.gov.au/You-and-your-home/Waste-and-recycling/Recycling/Recycling-bins/Glass> [Accessed 12 January 2021].

15. TESTA, M., MALANDRINO, O., SESSA, M. R., SUPINO, S. & SICA, D. 2017. Long-term sustainability from the perspective of cullet recycling in the container glass industry: Evidence from Italy. Sustainability, 9, 1752.

16. VAROTTO, A. & SPAGNOLLI, A. 2017. Psychological strategies to promote household recycling. A systematic review with meta-analysis of validated field interventions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 51, 168-188.

17. 9News Staff, 2020. Australians Spend An Extra $2 Billion On Booze In 2020. [online] 9news.com.au. Available at: <https://www.9news.com.au/national/coronavirus-alcohol-spending-up-2-billion-in-australia-in-pandemic/f8bf2ec6-6ef7-4a5b-99f3-421c88297b70> [Accessed 15 January 2021].

Appendix

Video Link

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aE2NmyJ34b8

Survey Link

https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/XJRM7NS

Poster Link

https://www.flickr.com/photos/191694573@N07/with/50816791121/